Global properties of nested network model with application to multi-epitope HIV/CTL dynamics

Area of Science:

• Mathematical biology
• Immunology
• Ecology

Background:

• Ecological networks require specific structures for biodiversity maintenance.
• Previous models demonstrated nested infection networks stabilize bacteria-phage communities.
• Understanding within-host viral dynamics is crucial for immune response evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

• Generalize existing ecological models for within-host viral-immune dynamics.
• Apply the model to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) interactions.
• Characterize the stability and persistence of viral and immune variants.

Main Methods:

• Generalization of a mathematical model for ecological networks.
• Application to a within-host HIV/CTL system.
• Development of a Lyapunov function for stability analysis.
• Numerical simulations of viral and immune dynamics.

Main Results:

• The model describes sequential viral escape from dominant immune responses.
• It explains the rise of subdominant immune responses during HIV/CTL evolution.
• A Lyapunov function rigorously characterizes persistent viral and immune variants.
• Equilibria stability and global system dynamics are informed.

Conclusions:

• The generalized model provides insights into within-host HIV/CTL evolution.
• It explains observed patterns of viral escape and immune response dynamics.
• The findings contribute to understanding persistent infections and immune system interactions.