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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins
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Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

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New CRISPR-Cas systems discovered.

Hui Yang1, Dinshaw J Patel1

  • 1Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.

Cell Research
|February 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered novel CRISPR-Cas systems, CasX and CasY, in uncultivated bacteria and the first Cas9 protein in uncultivated archaea, expanding our understanding of microbial immunity. These findings highlight the potential of metagenomic data for uncovering new CRISPR-Cas variants.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune mechanisms in prokaryotes.
  • These systems use RNA-guided endonucleases to target foreign nucleic acids like viruses and plasmids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel CRISPR-Cas systems and proteins in uncultivated organisms.
  • To expand the known diversity of CRISPR-Cas immune systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of terabase-scale metagenomic datasets.
  • Bioinformatic identification of Cas9 proteins and novel CRISPR-Cas systems (CasX, CasY).

Main Results:

  • The first Cas9 protein from uncultivated archaea was identified.
  • Two novel CRISPR-Cas systems, designated CRISPR-CasX and CRISPR-CasY, were discovered in uncultivated bacteria.

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  • These systems were found by analyzing extensive metagenomic data from natural environments.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study expands the known repertoire of CRISPR-Cas immune systems.
    • Metagenomic analysis is a powerful tool for discovering novel microbial genetic elements.
    • The identified systems (CasX, CasY) represent significant additions to the CRISPR-Cas landscape.