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According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Young children perceive less humanness in outgroup faces.

Niamh McLoughlin1, Steven P Tipper1, Harriet Over1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of York, UK.

Developmental Science
|February 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Young children begin to dehumanize outgroups early in development. This perception of outgroup members as less human increases with age and is distinct from ingroup preference.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Understanding the developmental origins of intergroup bias is crucial.
  • Dehumanization, perceiving others as less than human, is a key component of prejudice.
  • Research has yet to pinpoint when children begin to dehumanize outgroup members.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental emergence of dehumanization in young children.
  • To examine whether dehumanization of outgroups is linked to ingroup preference.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted with 5- and 6-year-old children.
  • Participants rated the humanness of ambiguous doll-human face morphs.
  • Faces were manipulated to belong to either gender or geographically defined ingroups or outgroups.

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Main Results:

  • The tendency to perceive outgroup faces as less human increased with age.
  • Explicit ingroup preference was present in all children and remained stable.
  • Dehumanization of outgroups was observed to develop independently of ingroup preference.

Conclusions:

  • Children begin to dehumanize outgroup members relatively early in development.
  • The capacity for dehumanization may be distinguishable from simple ingroup favoritism.
  • Findings have implications for understanding the roots of intergroup bias in childhood.