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Why do lactobacilli dominate the human vaginal microbiota?

S S Witkin1, I M Linhares2

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BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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Lactobacilli are key vaginal bacteria that protect against infection by producing lactic acid. This action supports reproductive health and successful pregnancy outcomes by preventing inflammation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Women's Health
  • Reproductive Science

Background:

  • Lactobacilli dominate the vaginal microbiota in healthy women.
  • These bacteria produce lactic acid, inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth and adhesion.
  • Lactic acid also influences host cell functions like gene transcription, DNA repair, and autophagy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the protective mechanisms of vaginal Lactobacilli.
  • To understand how Lactobacilli modulate the host inflammatory response.
  • To explore the link between Lactobacilli, inflammation, and reproductive outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Lactobacilli and vaginal health.
  • Analysis of the biochemical and cellular effects of lactic acid.
  • Examination of the impact of stress on vaginal microbiota composition.

Main Results:

  • Lactobacilli inhibit pathogen binding and growth via lactic acid production.
  • Lactic acid enhances host cell processes, including DNA repair and autophagy.
  • Lactobacilli modulate the immune response, preventing pro-inflammatory cytokine induction.
  • Emotional stress may disrupt the vaginal microbiota, increasing inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Vaginal Lactobacilli are crucial for preventing infections without triggering inflammation.
  • Maintaining a healthy Lactobacilli population supports fertility and optimal pregnancy outcomes.