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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

The Apoplast and Symplast

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as SH2...

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Published on: March 15, 2018

Cytokinins on the Move.

Yolanda Durán-Medina¹, David Díaz-Ramírez¹, Nayelli Marsch-Martínez¹

¹Laboratorio de Identidad Celular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnologia y Bioquimica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, México.

Frontiers in Plant Science

|February 24, 2017

Summary

Plant hormones called cytokinins regulate development. Recent research reveals new insights into how cytokinins move within plants and influence growth, advancing our understanding of plant biology.

Keywords:

ABCG ENT PUP cytokinin export cytokinin signaling cytokinin transport cytokinin uptake

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

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Published on: March 15, 2018

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

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Published on: May 11, 2019

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Cytokinins are crucial plant hormones regulating diverse developmental processes.
Extensive research has elucidated cytokinin effects, chemistry, metabolism, and signaling pathways.
Cytokinin transport mechanisms remain less understood compared to other aspects.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of cytokinin transport in plants.
To highlight recent advancements and ongoing research in cytokinin mobility.
To connect cytokinin transport mechanisms with their developmental roles.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent scientific reports and studies.
Synthesis of existing knowledge on cytokinin transport.
Focus on emerging data regarding cytokinin movement and function.

Main Results:

Recent studies are increasingly detailing the pathways and regulation of cytokinin transport.
Evidence suggests a strong link between how cytokinins are transported and their impact on plant development.
Specific transport systems and their roles are beginning to be identified.

Conclusions:

Cytokinin transport is a critical, yet historically understudied, area of plant hormone research.
New findings are rapidly expanding our knowledge of cytokinin mobility and its developmental significance.
Further investigation into cytokinin transport is essential for a complete understanding of plant growth regulation.