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Epidemic activity after natural disasters without high mortality in developing settings.

Manuel J Loayza-Alarico1, Andres G Lescano2, Luis A Suarez-Ognio1

  • 1Dirección General de Epidemiología; Peruvian Ministry of Health; Lima, Peru.

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Summary

Even low-mortality natural disasters cause significant health issues, especially in evacuation centers. Post-disaster disease surveillance is crucial for managing public health risks like respiratory infections and psychological distress.

Keywords:
acute respiratory infectionsdisease surveillanceepidemiologyevacuation centersnatural disasterspsychological stress

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Area of Science:

  • Disaster medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Natural disasters frequently cause significant morbidity and economic loss, even with minimal fatalities.
  • Understanding post-disaster health trends is vital for effective public health response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare epidemic activity following different types of natural disasters (flood, earthquake, volcanic activity) in Peru.
  • To assess the value of post-disaster surveillance, particularly after low-mortality events.

Main Methods:

  • Surveillance of 10-12 significant health conditions in healthcare facilities and evacuation centers for approximately 45 days post-disaster.
  • Comparison of disease frequency using Poisson regression.
  • Analysis of data from 20,709 affected individuals.

Main Results:

  • A 1.6-fold increase in disease notification was observed post-disaster.
  • Evacuation centers reported significantly higher health event rates (0.65-2.02) compared to healthcare facilities (0.06-0.24).
  • Acute respiratory infections (41-57%) and psychological distress (7.6-14.3%) were the most frequent health conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Natural disasters with low mortality can lead to substantial morbidity, particularly in crowded evacuation settings.
  • Post-disaster surveillance is essential for identifying and managing health risks, including infectious diseases and mental health impacts.
  • Targeted interventions in evacuation centers are critical for mitigating post-disaster health consequences.