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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle01:27

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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
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Interaction between circadian rhythms and stress.

C E Koch1, B Leinweber1, B C Drengberg1

  • 1University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany.

Neurobiology of Stress
|February 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circadian clocks regulate daily rhythms, synchronizing the body

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Life has evolved internal circadian clocks to adapt to daily environmental cycles.
  • Mammalian circadian rhythms are orchestrated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), synchronizing peripheral tissues.
  • The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are key stress response regulators influenced by circadian input.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate interactions between the circadian and stress systems.
  • To explore the physiological and pathophysiological outcomes of these interactions.
  • To critically evaluate the translational relevance of rodent stress research for human health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on circadian-stress system interplay.
  • Analysis of physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
  • Critical discussion of translational challenges and optimization strategies for animal models.

Main Results:

  • Circadian clocks significantly influence the HPA axis and ANS, modulating stress responses.
  • Dysregulation of circadian-stress interactions can lead to various pathophysiological conditions.
  • Rodent models offer insights but require careful consideration for human applicability.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between circadian rhythms and stress systems is crucial for maintaining physiological homeostasis.
  • Understanding these interactions is vital for addressing stress-related disorders.
  • Optimizing chronobiological approaches in animal studies is essential for improving translational validity in humans.