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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors
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Food Odours Direct Specific Appetite.

Harriët F A Zoon1, Cees de Graaf2, Sanne Boesveldt3

  • 1Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. jet.zoon@wur.nl.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Food odors increase appetite for similar tastes and energy densities. This effect on sensory-specific appetite occurs regardless of the participant's hunger state, suggesting scent influences food choices.

Keywords:
energy densityolfactionsensory-specific appetitetaste

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science
  • Human Appetite Regulation

Background:

  • Olfactory cues (smells) are known to influence appetite, particularly for foods with similar tastes.
  • The impact of olfactory cues on appetite for different energy densities and the role of hunger state remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if olfactory food cues can increase appetite for specific tastes (sweet/savoury) and energy densities (high/low).
  • To determine if hunger state modulates the effect of olfactory cues on sensory-specific appetite.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-nine healthy-weight females participated in a controlled experiment.
  • Participants were exposed to four distinct food odours (varying in taste and energy density), a non-food odour, and a control (odourless solution).
  • Appetite ratings for 15 food products were collected after each odour exposure.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to sweet or savoury odours significantly increased appetite for congruent (sweet or savoury) food products.
  • Similarly, odours signalling high or low energy density increased appetite for foods matching that energy density.
  • Hunger state did not significantly influence the observed sensory-specific appetite effects.

Conclusions:

  • Food odours enhance appetite for congruent products based on both taste and energy density.
  • The effect of food odours on sensory-specific appetite is independent of the individual's hunger level.
  • Findings suggest olfactory cues may guide food intake towards products with specific macronutrient compositions.