Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 7, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
Nonmonotonic responses to low doses of xenoestrogens: A review
Zhixiang Xu1, Jun Liu1, Xinhao Wu1
1Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
Abstract:
Xenoestrogens (XEs) mimic or block the synthesis, metabolism and transport of normal endogenous hormones, disturbing normal endocrine function. The available data on the nonmonotonic estrogenic effects of low doses of many XEs are reviewed, covering in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies. The observed nonmonotonic patterns of the dose-response curves are discussed, along with possible underlying mechanisms. This review is intended to provide guidance for harm predication and to suggest prevention measures.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic
Target Cell Response to Hormones
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Dosage Compensation
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
Dose-Response Relationship: Overview
Regulation of Hormone Secretion
Humoral...

