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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

2.2K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
2.2K
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

1.5K
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
1.5K
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

2.9K
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
2.9K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

107.8K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
107.8K
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

2.1K
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
2.1K
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

2.0K
Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
2.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance: New Perspectives.

Julian L Seifter1, Hsin-Yun Chang2

  • 1Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Kidney Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding acid-base balance requires considering electrolyte and anion gap changes in metabolic disorders. Urine chemistry is key for assessing renal compensations and electrolyte excretion in clinical practice.

Keywords:
Acid-base balanceElectrolyte disordersPhysiologic compensations

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Acid-base balance involves complex interactions between the brain, lungs, kidneys, and liver.
  • Compensatory mechanisms for acid-base disturbances vary in completeness across organ systems.
  • Survival necessitates limitations on compensation to maintain oxygenation, energy, cognition, and fluid/electrolyte balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive perspective on acid-base balance and associated disorders.
  • To explore the relationship between electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis.
  • To highlight the utility of urine chemistry in diagnosing acid-base disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and established physiological models.
  • Analysis of the interplay between electrolytes, anion gap, and acid-base status.
  • Emphasis on the clinical application of acid-base concepts.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic acid-base disorders can be classified by electrolyte shifts or anion gap changes.
  • Acid-base and electrolyte balance are interconnected at cellular and clinical levels.
  • Urine chemistry provides essential insights into renal compensation and electrolyte handling.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple conceptual models aid in understanding acid-base balance; a combined approach is beneficial.
  • Electroneutrality and the link between electrolyte and acid-base balance are crucial for diagnosis.
  • Clinical practice benefits from understanding various models and their practical applications.