Sex-Related Differences in GI Disorders

Area of Science:

• Gastroenterology
• Neurogastroenterology
• Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

• Epidemiological data reveal a higher prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in females compared to males.
• The underlying mechanisms driving this female predominance in FGIDs remain largely unknown, limiting effective therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current clinical and preclinical research on factors contributing to the female preponderance in FGIDs.
• To highlight the roles of the menstrual cycle and sex hormones in FGID development.
• To discuss the utility of animal models in studying FGID pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing clinical studies on FGIDs and sex differences.
• Analysis of preclinical research, including animal models, investigating FGID mechanisms.
• Examination of the influence of hormonal factors and the menstrual cycle on FGID symptoms.

Main Results:

• Clinical research points to the menstrual cycle and sex hormones as significant contributors to female vulnerability in FGIDs.
• Preclinical studies using animal models offer insights into the development and long-term manifestation of FGID symptoms.
• Current knowledge highlights sex-related differences in FGID pathophysiology but lacks specific mechanistic understanding.

Conclusions:

• Understanding sex-related differences in FGIDs is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
• Further longitudinal studies in both clinical and preclinical settings are essential.
• Identifying specific mechanisms underlying female predominance will pave the way for improved therapeutic approaches for FGIDs.