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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

36.9K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics01:14

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

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Encryption key distribution via chaos synchronization.

Lars Keuninckx1, Miguel C Soriano2, Ingo Fischer2

  • 1Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Applied Physics Research Group (APHY), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.

Scientific Reports
|February 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new encryption key generation method using synchronized chaotic systems. The resulting bitstreams pass randomness tests and resist sophisticated attacks, offering a secure and adaptable solution.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Chaos theory
  • Cryptography
  • Nonlinear dynamics

Background:

  • Traditional encryption methods face evolving security threats.
  • Generating truly random keys is crucial for robust cryptography.
  • Chaotic systems offer potential for secure key generation due to their inherent unpredictability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel encryption key generation scheme based on chaotic synchronization.
  • To demonstrate the scheme's adaptability across different hardware platforms (photonic, optoelectronic, electronic).
  • To validate the randomness and security of the generated key bitstreams.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing two distant complex nonlinear units synchronized by a chaotic driver to generate encryption keys.
  • Implementing a reconfigurable method for generating key bitstreams from chaotic signals.
  • Testing the generated bit series against the National Institute of Standards (NIST) randomness test suite.
  • Demonstrating feasibility on an electronic delay oscillator circuit.
  • Assessing robustness against attacks using advanced system identification techniques.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated encryption keys from synchronized chaotic systems.
  • The generated bitstreams met stringent randomness criteria (NIST suite).
  • The scheme proved feasible on an electronic hardware implementation.
  • The encryption method demonstrated resilience against state-of-the-art cryptanalytic attacks.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed chaotic synchronization-based encryption scheme offers a novel and secure approach to key generation.
  • The method's generic nature allows for flexible implementation across various platforms.
  • The demonstrated randomness and robustness provide a strong foundation for practical cryptographic applications.