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Related Concept Videos

Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations01:28

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Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents01:13

Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

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Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Superconducting parity effect across the Anderson limit.

Sergio Vlaic1, Stéphane Pons1, Tianzhen Zhang1

  • 1LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris F-75005, France.

Nature Communications
|February 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Superconductivity in lead nanocrystals was investigated. Researchers confirmed that superconductivity persists only when electronic level spacing is less than the superconducting gap energy, validating a key scientific criterion.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Quantum size effects influence superconductivity in nanoparticles.
  • The Anderson criterion (δ < Δ) posits a limit for superconductivity in small systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the minimum size for superconductivity in lead (Pb) nanocrystals.
  • To validate the Anderson criterion using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Pb nanocrystals on InAs (110) surfaces.
  • Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) to probe electronic properties.
  • Analysis of electron addition energy and superconducting parity effect.

Main Results:

  • Coulomb blockade observed in smaller nanocrystals due to weak interface transmission.
  • Superconducting parity effect identified in larger nanocrystals, indicating Cooper pairing.
  • Suppression of Cooper pairing observed when electronic level spacing exceeded superconducting gap energy.

Conclusions:

  • The Anderson criterion for superconductivity in nanoparticles is experimentally validated.
  • Superconductivity in Pb nanocrystals is limited by quantum size effects and the electronic level spacing relative to the superconducting gap.
  • The study provides direct evidence for the suppression of Cooper pairing at the nanoscale.