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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Physics
    • Metrology
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of arrival time differences (ATD) is crucial for advanced optical systems.
    • Existing methods often face limitations in stability, common-mode rejection, and bandwidth.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel, all-inline balanced optical cross-correlator (BOC) design.
    • To enhance ATD measurement accuracy, common-mode rejection, and long-term stability.
    • To achieve attosecond resolution for demanding applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a simple all-inline BOC configuration.
    • Utilizing an FPGA-based signal processing unit for real-time normalization.
    • Employing out-of-loop measurements for precision verification.

    Main Results:

    • The BOC measures ATD over the full Nyquist bandwidth with improved stability and common-mode rejection.
    • Real-time signal normalization and setpoint locking achieved 0.07% accuracy over a >400 fs ATD range.
    • Residual jitter was measured to be less than 80 attoseconds (as).

    Conclusions:

    • The developed all-inline BOC offers unprecedented accuracy and stability for ATD measurements.
    • The system's attosecond resolution and precision pave the way for applications like parametric waveform synthesizers.
    • This advancement contributes to the field of high-precision optical metrology.