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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
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Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

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The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Thickness-independent dynamics in cholesteric liquid crystals.

Yo Inoue, Mayo Hattori, Hiroshi Moritake

    Optics Express
    |March 1, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    We achieved fast electro-optic response in cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLCs) by suppressing slow helical motion. This allows detailed analysis of helical deformation dynamics, independent of cell thickness.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Optoelectronics

    Background:

    • Cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLCs) exhibit complex electro-optic responses involving multiple relaxation times.
    • Conventional methods often struggle to isolate and analyze individual response components due to their interdependencies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To achieve fast electro-optic response independent of cell thickness in ChLCs.
    • To separate and analyze the distinct fast response components (helical deformation and flexoelectric effect).
    • To understand the dynamics of helical deformation in detail.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a planarly aligned ChLC cell with an in-plane electric field.
    • Suppressing helical elongation motion using glass substrates.

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  • Employing a dielectric measurement system for component separation.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed only fast electro-optic response components, independent of cell thickness.
    • Successfully separated helical deformation and flexoelectric effects.
    • Demonstrated quadratic dependence of response times on helical pitch and no dependence on cell thickness.

    Conclusions:

    • In-plane electric fields in planarly aligned ChLCs enable fast electro-optic switching by suppressing slow helical elongation.
    • Dielectric measurements facilitate the isolation and detailed study of helical deformation dynamics.
    • The findings pave the way for advanced ChLC devices with tailored electro-optic properties.