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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

8.2K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Rare Thyroid Malignancies: an Overview for the Oncologist.

D B Spielman1, A Badhey2, S Kadakia2

  • 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|March 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Rare thyroid cancers like anaplastic, medullary, lymphoma, and sarcoma have limited treatments and poor prognosis. This overview highlights emerging research and therapies for these aggressive malignancies.

Keywords:
Anaplastic thyroid carcinomamedullary thyroid cancerprimary thyroid lymphomaprimary thyroid sarcomathyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Anaplastic thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, primary thyroid lymphoma, and primary thyroid sarcoma are rare thyroid malignancies, accounting for 5-10% of all thyroid cancers.
  • These rare cancers present distinct challenges compared to well-differentiated thyroid cancers, often with limited therapeutic options and poorer prognoses.
  • Existing literature is sparse, underscoring the need for focused research and updated clinical guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of rare thyroid malignancies.
  • To emphasize current and emerging clinical research and therapeutic strategies.
  • To enhance awareness among oncologists and head and neck surgeons regarding the presentation, work-up, and management of these rare conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on rare thyroid cancer subtypes.
  • Analysis of current clinical research trends and therapeutic advancements.
  • Synthesis of information for clinical application in diagnosis and management.

Main Results:

  • Rare thyroid cancers (anaplastic, medullary, lymphoma, sarcoma) represent a significant minority of thyroid malignancies but possess distinct, aggressive characteristics.
  • Limited treatment efficacy and poorer patient outcomes are characteristic of these rare thyroid cancers compared to differentiated types.
  • Active research is exploring novel therapeutic avenues, though clinical data remains limited.

Conclusions:

  • Despite their rarity, these thyroid cancers are critical considerations in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
  • Enhanced understanding and awareness of presentation, work-up, and management are crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • Emerging research offers hope for improved therapeutic options and clinical strategies for these challenging malignancies.