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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like...
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Classification is the process of organizing organisms into hierarchically inclusive groups based on their phenotypic similarities or evolutionary relationships. A species comprises one or more strains, and closely related species are grouped into genera. Genera are further classified into families, families into orders, orders into classes, and so forth, up to the domain level, which is the broadest taxonomic rank derived from a combination of phenotypic and genotypic data.The nomenclature of...
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Microbial community assembly and evolution in subseafloor sediment.

Piotr Starnawski1, Thomas Bataillon2, Thijs J G Ettema3

  • 1Center for Geomicrobiology, Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Subsurface microbial communities are assembled by the survival of species adapted to low energy environments. These persisting populations dominate ancient marine sediments, showing minimal genetic change with depth or age.

Keywords:
bacteriaevolutionmarine sedimentmetagenomicssingle-cell genomics

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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbiology
  • Geomicrobiology
  • Microbial ecology

Background:

  • Subsurface seabed microbes face extreme energy limitation and slow growth rates.
  • Mechanisms of microbial community assembly and adaptation in these environments remain unclear.
  • Potential for impaired DNA repair and mutation accumulation under energy limitation is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microbial community assembly in marine sediments.
  • To identify persisting microbial populations and their genomic diversity with depth.
  • To assess adaptive evolution and mutation rates in energy-limited subsurface environments.

Main Methods:

  • Amplicon sequencing to analyze microbial community structure.
  • Metagenomic sequencing to map reads onto single-cell genomes.
  • Analysis of nucleotide sequence diversity, mutation rates, and selection efficacy with sediment depth.

Main Results:

  • A core group of uncultured bacteria and archaea persists throughout the sediment column.
  • These persisting populations become predominant in the deep subsurface.
  • Uniformly low nucleotide sequence diversity and no detectable changes in mutation rates or selection efficacy were observed with depth and age.

Conclusions:

  • Subsurface microbial communities assemble primarily through the selective survival of energy-efficient taxa.
  • The identified core communities are highly adapted to long-term survival in oligotrophic marine sediments.
  • Evidence suggests limited adaptive evolution or mutation accumulation in these ancient, energy-starved populations.