Advancing health equity in healthy cities: Framing matters

To improve the governance needed to create Healthy Cities, it is essential that policy processes directly engage marginalized populations and address the forces that affect health equity. Framings such as that provided by the Latin American collective health/social medicine/critical epidemiology orientation to critical processes of social determination of health enables a move beyond a reductionist focus to challenge the drivers that undermine health, and are consistent with policy directives such as the Shanghai Declaration on promoting health in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.