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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions01:26

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Several restrictions limit the use of Friedel–Crafts reactions. First, the halogen in the alkyl halide must be attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon for the Friedel–Crafts reactions to occur. Vinyl or aryl halides do not react since the carbocations formed are unstable under the reaction conditions. Second, Friedel–Crafts alkylation is susceptible to carbocation rearrangement, and the major products obtained have a rearranged carbon skeleton. In contrast, the acylium ion is...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

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Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
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Towards More Efficient, Greener Syntheses through Flow Chemistry.

Justin A M Lummiss1, Peter D Morse1, Rachel L Beingessner1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|March 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous flow synthesis enhances green chemistry principles by improving reaction efficiency and reducing waste. This technology offers better control and real-time monitoring for sustainable chemical processes.

Keywords:
Flow chemistryGreen chemistryPhotochemistryProcess intensificationReal-time monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Technological advancements are crucial for developing sustainable synthetic methods.
  • The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry provide a framework for environmentally benign chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate how continuous flow synthesis aligns with Green Chemistry principles.
  • To explore the application of flow chemistry in various reaction types.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated thermal, photochemical, catalytic, and biphasic transformations.
  • Utilized a continuous flow synthesis platform for process evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved improved reaction efficiency, including atom economy, yield, and rates.
  • Demonstrated significant reduction in chemical and solvent waste.
  • Highlighted benefits of real-time monitoring for precise synthetic control.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous flow synthesis is a powerful tool for achieving greener chemical processes.
  • Flow chemistry platforms effectively support waste reduction and enhanced efficiency.
  • Real-time monitoring in flow systems enables superior control over chemical synthesis.