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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.0K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

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Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Steroids and Autoimmunity.

Amelia Chiara Trombetta, Marianna Meroni, Maurizio Cutolo

    Frontiers of Hormone Research
    |March 1, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    The endocrine and immune systems interact bidirectionally, influencing inflammation and homeostasis. Understanding these neuroendocrine-immune interactions is crucial for managing autoimmune diseases and optimizing treatments like glucocorticoids.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroendocrinology
    • Immunology
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • The bidirectional interaction between endocrine and immune systems is known since the mid-19th century.
    • These systems, along with the nervous system, form a complex circadian neuroendocrine network crucial for immune homeostasis.
    • Autoimmune diseases have complex origins where the endocrine system's role is significant.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the structure and function of steroidal hormones in the neuroendocrine-immune network.
    • To explore the bidirectional influences between endocrine and immune systems.
    • To discuss the optimization of exogenous glucocorticoid administration in chronic autoimmune diseases.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on neuroendocrine-immune interactions.

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    Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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  • Analysis of the roles of specific hormones (adrenal, sex hormones, vitamin D, melatonin, prolactin) in immune homeostasis.
  • Discussion of physiological and pathological implications of hormone-immune system crosstalk.

    • Main Results:

    • Steroidal hormones, including adrenal and sex hormones, vitamin D, melatonin, and prolactin, significantly contribute to immune system homeostasis.
    • Hormonal activities can inhibit or stimulate immune components, impacting both physiological processes and pathological conditions.
    • Exogenous glucocorticoid administration strategies for chronic autoimmune diseases warrant optimization.

    Conclusions:

    • The neuroendocrine-immune network is central to maintaining organism homeostasis.
    • Understanding the intricate interplay between endocrine and immune systems is vital for addressing autoimmune diseases.
    • Further research into optimizing hormone-based therapies, particularly glucocorticoids, is essential for managing chronic autoimmune conditions.