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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Preparation and Gene Modification of Nonhuman Primate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
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Conserved expression of transposon-derived non-coding transcripts in primate stem cells.

LeeAnn Ramsay1, Maria C Marchetto2, Maxime Caron1,3

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada.

BMC Genomics
|March 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) generate functional non-coding RNAs in primate stem cells. Conserved expression of TE-derived long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas aids in identifying crucial pluripotency factors.

Keywords:
Induced pluripotent stem cellsLong non-coding RNAsTransposable elements

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The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • A substantial fraction of human non-coding RNAs originates from transposable elements (TEs).
  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from the HERVH subfamily are essential for pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover additional functional non-coding transcripts derived from TEs.
  • To investigate the evolutionary conservation of TE-derived transcripts across primate species.

Main Methods:

  • Generated RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and rhesus monkeys.
  • Analyzed RNA-seq data to identify conserved TE-derived transcripts and repeat families with conserved expression profiles.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 30% of human iPSC-expressed TEs have orthologous, expressed counterparts in chimpanzee and gorilla iPSCs.
  • Identified conserved expression patterns for repeat families including HERVH and MER53 (source of placental miRNAs).
  • Discovered multiple TE families (e.g., MLT1-type, Tigger) contributing to conserved primate lncRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • TE families and their derived lncRNAs exhibit conserved expression across primate iPSCs.
  • Conserved expression patterns serve as a marker for identifying functional TE-derived non-coding RNAs.