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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Trapezius transfer in deltoid paralysis.

O Rühmann1, C J Wirth1, F Gossé1

  • 1• Orthopädische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.

Der Orthopade
|March 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Trapezius muscle transfer effectively restores shoulder function in brachial plexus palsy patients when other treatments fail. This surgical technique significantly improves active abduction and forward flexion, leading to high patient satisfaction.

Keywords:
Key words Trapezius transfer • Brachial plexus palsy

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Neurosurgery
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Brachial plexus palsy often results from trauma, with limited success from physiotherapy and nerve repair.
  • Muscle transfer surgery offers a potential solution for persistent deltoid muscle paralysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of trapezius muscle transfer for deltoid paralysis in brachial plexus palsy.
  • To assess the functional and subjective improvements in patients undergoing this procedure.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-one patients with brachial plexus palsy underwent a modified Saha technique trapezius transfer.
  • Preoperative assessments included radiological, clinical, and electromyographic examinations.
  • Postoperative care involved immobilization, physiotherapy, and electrostimulation, with functional assessment at one year.

Main Results:

  • The procedure abolished preoperative humeral head subluxation in all cases.
  • Average active abduction increased from 7.3° to 39.2°, and forward flexion from 20° to 43° one year post-surgery.
  • All patients reported satisfaction with improved shoulder stability and function.

Conclusions:

  • Trapezius transfer is a satisfactory surgical option for flail shoulder due to brachial plexus palsy.
  • The technique yields significant improvements in shoulder function, stability, and patient-reported outcomes.