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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems
Published on: October 14, 2025
Anti-CRISPR proteins: Counterattack of phages on bacterial defense (CRISPR/Cas) system
Kulbhushan Chaudhary1, Anirudha Chattopadhyay2, Dharmendra Pratap3
1Division of Plant Pathology, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Abstract:
Since the dawn of life there is a never ending strife between bacteria and phages. Both are perpetually changing their strategies to take over each other. CRISPR/Cas is the most widespread defense system used by bacteria against mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as phages, cojugative palsmids, transoposons, and pathogenicity islands. This system utilizes small guide RNA molecules to protect against phages infection and invasion by MGEs. Phages circumvent to these antiviral barriers by point mutation in PAM (protospacer-adjacent motif) sequence, genome rearrangements and by using anti-CRISPR proteins.
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