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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Extracranial origin of headache.

Rami Burstein1, Pamela Blake, Aaron Schain

  • 1aDepartment of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center bDepartment of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts cHeadache Center of Greater Heights, Memorial Hermann Medical Group dRiver Oaks Plastic Surgery Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurology
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PubMed
Summary

Migraine headaches may originate outside the skull, involving extracranial tissues and nerves. This challenges traditional views and suggests new treatment targets beyond the central nervous system for migraine relief.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Medicine
  • Headache Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Migraine is traditionally viewed as an intracranial disorder.
  • The role of extracranial structures in migraine pathophysiology is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and preclinical evidence of extracranial contributions to migraine.
  • To challenge the notion that migraine originates solely from intracranial sources.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent clinical and preclinical studies.
  • Analysis of data supporting extracranial migraine origins.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests migraine can originate in extracranial tissues.
  • Sensory fibers innervate extracranial areas, and gene expression changes occur in chronic migraine patients.
  • Botulinum toxin injections in extracranial tissues reduce migraine frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Migraine pathophysiology may involve extracranial nociceptors and tissues.
  • Clinical practice should consider treating peripheral sources of migraine pain.
  • Research focus should expand beyond central nervous system alterations.