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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray ngTMA Protocol for Biomarker Studies

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray ngTMA Protocol for Biomarker Studies

Published on: September 23, 2014

3D Tissue Microarray Controls: A Potential Standardization Solution.

Charles W Myers¹, Sonal Bhimji-Patel¹, Mark Rees²

¹Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA.

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology : AIMM

|March 2, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel 3D tissue microarray control (3D TMAC) offers a solution for standardizing immunostains in anatomic pathology. This histoid control demonstrated good reproducibility and staining quality for multiple antibodies, improving quality control.

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray ngTMA Protocol for Biomarker Studies

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray ngTMA Protocol for Biomarker Studies

Published on: September 23, 2014

Production of Tissue Microarrays, Immunohistochemistry Staining and Digitalization Within the Human Protein Atlas

Production of Tissue Microarrays, Immunohistochemistry Staining and Digitalization Within the Human Protein Atlas

Published on: May 31, 2012

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Published on: May 31, 2015

Area of Science:

Anatomic Pathology
Histopathology
Quality Control

Background:

Standardization of immunostain controls is a significant challenge in anatomic pathology due to inter-laboratory variations.
Differential processing and preanalytical issues lead to inconsistent immunostain intensities.
Existing histoid controls like xenografts or cell lines lack recent development and follow-up.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel histoid control, the 3D tissue microarray control (3D TMAC), for improved control standardization.
To evaluate the staining quality and reproducibility of the 3D TMAC using common antibodies in breast and cervical cancer diagnostics.
To assess the potential of 3D TMAC in enhancing intralaboratory and interlaboratory standardization practices.

Main Methods:

Development and implementation of a 3D tissue microarray control (3D TMAC).
Testing of 3D TMAC with 11 antibodies relevant to breast and cervical cancer workups.
Evaluation of staining quality and reproducibility over a 5-day period for CK5 and HER2 antibodies.
Assessment of staining using both visual and computer-assisted methods.

Main Results:

The 3D TMAC demonstrated appropriate staining for 9 out of 11 tested antibodies.
Mammoglobin and GCDFP antibodies showed inappropriate staining, while p16 and mammoglobin did not exhibit expected staining properties.
Excellent reproducibility for CK5 and HER2 staining was observed, with low coefficients of variation (3.58% and 3.18% respectively).

Conclusions:

The 3D TMAC shows significant potential for improving intralaboratory and interlaboratory standardization in anatomic pathology.
This novel control offers a reliable method for consistent immunostaining quality control.
Further validation is warranted to fully establish the 3D TMAC as a standard in pathology diagnostics.