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Related Concept Videos

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design01:28

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design

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Drug design is a dynamic field that involves discovering and developing new medications based on specific biological targets. This process heavily relies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to guide the design and optimization of efficient drugs.
SAR studies the intricate relationship between a drug's chemical structure and biological activity. It focuses on understanding how modifications to a drug's structure can influence...
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

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Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.
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Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

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In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center
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Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center

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Cyclotides as drug design scaffolds.

David J Craik1, Junqiao Du1

  • 1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|March 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Cyclotides, stable plant peptides, are engineered as drug frameworks. Recent advances involve grafting bioactive sequences onto cyclotides to create novel therapeutics targeting various biological molecules and cells.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Cyclotides are plant-derived peptides known for exceptional stability.
  • Their structure features a cyclic backbone and a cystine knot.
  • This stability makes them promising scaffolds for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in cyclotide-based drug design.
  • To highlight the grafting of bioactive sequences onto cyclotide frameworks.
  • To showcase the development of engineered cyclotides for therapeutic targeting.

Main Methods:

  • Grafting of bioactive peptide sequences onto the cyclotide framework.
  • Engineering cyclotides to interact with specific biological targets.
  • Utilizing the cyclotide cystine knot for sequence stabilization.

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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
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Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

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Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
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Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation
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Main Results:

  • Successfully grafted cyclotides demonstrate interaction with protein and enzyme targets.
  • Engineered cyclotides show efficacy against both extracellular and intracellular targets.
  • Grafted cyclotides effectively target cell surface receptors and membranes.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclotides serve as versatile and stable frameworks for drug design.
  • Grafting bioactive sequences onto cyclotides enhances their therapeutic potential.
  • Engineered cyclotides represent a promising new class of therapeutics.