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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

14.9K
An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
14.9K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

20.6K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
20.6K
Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

6.7K
In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
6.7K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

12.2K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
12.2K
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

3.8K
The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
3.8K
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

11.9K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
11.9K

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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

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Is Br2 hydration hydrophobic?

A Alcaraz-Torres1, A Gamboa-Suárez1, M I Bernal-Uruchurtu1

  • 1Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, México.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bromine

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Bromine's behavior in water is complex, exhibiting both hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics.
  • Interactions in water clusters involve halogen and hydrogen-halogen bonds, while hydrates show minimal guest-host interaction.
  • Bromine's solubility and spectral blue shift in liquid water present a significant scientific challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydration structure and dynamics of bromine in liquid water.
  • To elucidate the molecular interactions governing bromine's spectroscopic properties in aqueous solutions.
  • To identify representative hydration structures and water orientations around bromine.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Employed a refined semi-empirical force field, PM3-PIF.
  • Analyzed hydration structures, focusing on bromine's surrounding positions and water orientations.

Main Results:

  • Identified recurrent hydration structures and dominant molecular interactions.
  • Confirmed that nearest neighbors significantly influence bromine's spectroscopic signature.
  • Observed that the first hydration shell effectively shields the bulk water from bromine.
  • The solvation environment dynamically shifts between hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into bromine's solvation in liquid water.
  • Nearest-neighbor interactions are crucial for understanding bromine's spectroscopic behavior.
  • Bromine's hydration shell dynamically modulates its interaction with bulk water.