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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Evolution of thyroid hormone distributor proteins.

Thomas R McLean1, Michelle M Rank2, Peter M Smooker1

  • 1School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|March 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone distribution proteins evolved differently over time. Transthyretin (TTR) is highly conserved, while albumin shows rapid evolution, suggesting distinct roles in thyroid hormone (TH) transport and regulation.

Keywords:
AlbuminPositive selectionProtein evolutionThyroid hormoneThyroxine-binding globulinTransthyretin

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metabolism across diverse species.
  • Vertebrates utilize specific thyroid hormone distributor proteins (THDPs) for transport in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Key THDPs include albumin, transthyretin (TTR), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary rates of three major thyroid hormone distributor proteins (THDPs): albumin, transthyretin (TTR), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
  • To understand the functional implications of differing evolutionary trajectories for TH transport and regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of protein sequences to determine rates of evolution for albumin, TTR, and TBG.
  • Literature review on the distribution, affinity, and physiological roles of these THDPs.

Main Results:

  • Transthyretin (TTR) exhibits the highest degree of evolutionary conservation among the studied THDPs.
  • Albumin demonstrates the most rapid rate of sequence divergence.
  • Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), found only in mammals, has a high affinity for thyroid hormones.

Conclusions:

  • The differential evolutionary rates of THDPs reflect their distinct roles in thyroid hormone transport and homeostasis.
  • TTR's conservation suggests a critical, long-standing function, potentially including brain-to-cerebrospinal fluid transport.
  • Albumin's high divergence may indicate adaptation to varying physiological demands or environmental factors across vertebrate lineages.