Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.8K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.8K
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

7.4K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
7.4K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

34.4K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
34.4K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

157.9K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
157.9K
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

11.2K
Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
11.2K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

11.2K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
11.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Bradyzoite subtypes rule the crossroads of Toxoplasma development.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Psychoactive mushroom edibles: trends and toxicities reported to the United States National Poison Data System®, 2023-2024.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same author

Bradyzoite subtypes rule the crossroads of <i>Toxoplasma</i> development.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Minimally Invasive Injectable Cosmetic Procedures Increase Feelings of Authenticity.

Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]·2024
Same author

Americans misperceive the frequency and format of political debate.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Lying is sometimes ethical, but honesty is the best policy: The desire to avoid harmful lies leads to moral preferences for unconditional honesty.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
09:52

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: July 12, 2013

17.7K

Opposing Transcriptional Mechanisms Regulate Toxoplasma Development.

Dong-Pyo Hong1, Joshua B Radke1, Michael W White1

  • 1Department of Global Health and Florida Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Msphere
|March 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Two Toxoplasma transcription factors, AP2IX-9 and AP2IV-3, have opposing roles in bradyzoite development. Competition between these factors regulates gene expression, impacting chronic Toxoplasma infections.

Keywords:
Toxoplasma gondiiapicomplexan parasitesdevelopmentgene expressiontranscription factors

More Related Videos

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity
11:21

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-γ-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

Published on: March 12, 2015

11.5K
QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii
11:37

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: June 22, 2017

16.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
09:52

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: July 12, 2013

17.7K
Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity
11:21

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-γ-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

Published on: March 12, 2015

11.5K
QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii
11:37

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: June 22, 2017

16.9K

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human chronic Toxoplasma infections involve tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite stage conversion.
  • Bradyzoite tissue cysts are crucial for lifelong infections and immune evasion.
  • The molecular mechanisms controlling bradyzoite development are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of ApiAP2 transcription factors AP2IX-9 and AP2IV-3 in Toxoplasma bradyzoite development.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing the switch to the latent bradyzoite stage.

Main Methods:

  • Gene knockout and conditional overexpression of AP2IX-9 and AP2IV-3.
  • Analysis of tissue cyst formation.
  • Gene expression studies and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.
  • Reporter assays to assess promoter activity.

Main Results:

  • AP2IX-9 and AP2IV-3 exhibit opposing functions in bradyzoite development, with AP2IX-9 repressing and AP2IV-3 activating tissue cyst formation.
  • These factors regulate overlapping sets of bradyzoite-specific genes, including the BAG1 marker, in opposite directions.
  • AP2IX-9 and AP2IV-3 bind to the BAG1 promoter, suggesting direct transcriptional regulation.

Conclusions:

  • AP2IX-9 and AP2IV-3 act as competing transcriptional regulators, influencing bradyzoite gene expression.
  • This competitive mechanism may allow Toxoplasma to adapt to host environments and ensure long-term survival.
  • Understanding these ApiAP2 transcription factors provides insight into the molecular control of Toxoplasma persistence.