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Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Hepatitis C virus infection.

Michael P Manns^1,2,3, Maria Buti⁴, Ed Gane⁵

¹Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers

|March 3, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, affecting millions globally, can be cured in over 90% of patients using direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). Effective control relies on screening, treatment access, and prevention strategies until a vaccine is developed.

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Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Hepatology and Virology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health concern, causing chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
An estimated 64–103 million individuals worldwide are chronically infected with HCV.
Key transmission routes include unsafe injection practices and iatrogenic infections in high-prevalence regions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current landscape of Hepatitis C virus diagnosis and treatment.
To highlight the efficacy of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) in curing HCV infection.
To emphasize strategies for controlling the HCV pandemic in the absence of a vaccine.

Main Methods:

Diagnostic methods include HCV antibody testing, RNA quantification, genotyping, and resistance-associated substitution analysis.
Treatment involves direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) targeting essential HCV proteins (NS3/4A protease, NS5A, NS5B polymerase).
Combination therapy with two or three DAAs is employed for treatment.

Main Results:

DAA combination therapies achieve sustained virological response (SVR12), indicating a cure, in over 90% of patients.
These treatments are effective even in previously difficult-to-treat populations.
The development of DAAs has revolutionized HCV management.

Conclusions:

HCV infection is highly curable with modern DAA therapies.
Control of the HCV pandemic necessitates a multi-pronged approach: treatment-as-prevention, robust screening, and equitable access to care.
Ongoing efforts are crucial until a prophylactic vaccine becomes available.