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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment.

Mara Ventura1, Miguel Melo2, Francisco Carrilho1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

International Journal of Endocrinology
|March 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Selenium is vital for thyroid health, supporting hormone metabolism and antioxidant functions. Supplementation, particularly with organic selenium, benefits autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Selenium is an essential micronutrient crucial for thyroid hormone metabolism and antioxidant defense.
  • The thyroid gland has the highest concentration of selenium per gram of tissue in adults.
  • Selenium levels are influenced by diet, geographic location, and soil composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific literature on the role of selenium in thyroid function.
  • To investigate the impact of selenium on thyroid pathology, particularly autoimmune disorders.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of selenium supplementation in thyroid conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review using PubMed/MEDLINE.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on selenium's association with thyroid function and disease.
  • Evaluation of outcomes from selenium supplementation trials.

Main Results:

  • Selenium intake is linked to autoimmune thyroid disorders.
  • Supplementation in autoimmune thyroiditis reduced antithyroperoxidase antibodies and improved ultrasound features and quality of life.
  • Selenium supplementation improved quality of life and ocular symptoms in Graves' orbitopathy, potentially delaying progression.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining adequate selenium levels is essential for thyroid health and disease prevention.
  • Organic selenium forms appear more effective for supplementation.
  • Selenium supplementation offers clinical benefits for autoimmune thyroiditis and mild-to-moderate Graves' orbitopathy.