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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Autocrine Signaling01:01

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Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Image Processing Protocol for the Analysis of the Diffusion and Cluster Size of Membrane Receptors by Fluorescence Microscopy
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Analyzing the Dynamics of Signaling Microclusters.

Akiko Hashimoto-Tane1, Tadashi Yokosuka1, Takashi Saito2

  • 1Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences., 1 7 22 Suehiro-cho, Yokohama, 230 0045, Japan.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation forms signaling microclusters. Analyzing these microcluster dynamics using supported planar bilayers is key to understanding T cell activation quality and quantity.

Keywords:
Confocal microscopyPhosphorylationRetroviral expression systemSignalSupported planar bilayersTCRTIRF microscopyTime-lapse imaging

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

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Ligand Nano-cluster Arrays in a Supported Lipid Bilayer
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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • T cell activation is initiated by T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation.
  • TCR signaling involves the recruitment and organization of signaling molecules into dynamic microclusters.
  • The dynamics of these microclusters regulate T cell activation outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe protocols for analyzing signaling microclusters.
  • To provide a method for studying TCR-induced signaling dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing supported planar bilayers as a platform.
  • Developing protocols for the analysis of signaling microclusters.

Main Results:

  • Established protocols for analyzing signaling microclusters.
  • Demonstrated the utility of supported planar bilayers for studying T cell signaling dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Signaling microcluster dynamics are crucial for T cell activation.
  • The described protocols offer a valuable tool for investigating T cell signaling.