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Complications during pregnancy and fetal development: implications for the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

Ashley D Newsome1, Gwendolyn K Davis1, Norma B Ojeda2

  • 1a Departments of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson , MS , USA.

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
|March 4, 2017
PubMed

Insights

Low birth weight is linked to a higher risk of chronic kidney disease. This association may stem from reduced nephron numbers and increased blood pressure originating in fetal development, increasing kidney injury vulnerability.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies consistently show an inverse relationship between birth weight and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk.
  • Early research focused on birth weight's link to blood pressure, noting reduced nephron counts in low birth weight individuals.
  • Congenital reduction in renal reserve and fetal-origin hypertension increase susceptibility to kidney injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the developmental origins of chronic kidney disease.
  • To highlight the mechanisms linking low birth weight to increased renal risk.
  • To discuss the influence of sex and age on this adverse relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological and experimental studies.
  • Synthesis of findings on birth weight, nephron number, blood pressure, and renal outcomes.
  • Analysis of factors modulating the association between developmental insults and kidney disease.

Main Results:

  • Low birth weight is associated with reduced nephron number and increased risk of CKD.
  • Fetal programming of hypertension and reduced renal reserve contribute to later-life kidney vulnerability.
  • Sex and age appear to modify the susceptibility to renal injury following developmental insults.

Conclusions:

  • Low birth weight represents a significant risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of developmental origins is crucial for preventing kidney disease.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the roles of sex and age in this developmental pathway.
Abstract

Keywords:
Developmental originsIUGRchronic kidney diseasehypertensionlow birth weightnephron number

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