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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
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Complement Alternative Pathway׳s Activation in Patients With Lupus Nephritis.

Di Song1, Wei-Yi Guo1, Feng-Mei Wang1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|March 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The alternative complement pathway is key in lupus nephritis, with factor Bb indicating disease activity and predicting outcomes. This study highlights Bb as a potential biomarker for lupus nephritis progression.

Keywords:
Alternative pathwayComplementLupus nephritisSystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nephrology
  • Complement System

Background:

  • Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • Understanding complement activation in LN is crucial for targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate complement activation pathways in Chinese lupus nephritis patients.
  • To correlate complement levels with clinical and pathological features of LN.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure plasma levels of complement components (C1q, MBL, C4d, Bb, C3, C3a, C5a, sC5b-9).
  • 222 active LN patients, 34 in remission LN, 82 active SLE patients, and 39 controls were analyzed.
  • Correlations with clinicopathological features and renal outcomes were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Active LN patients showed decreased C1q/C3 and elevated Bb, C3a, C5a, sC5b-9 compared to controls and remission groups.
  • Soluble C5b-9 levels correlated inversely with C1q/C4d but positively with Bb.
  • Plasma Bb levels correlated with renal disease activity indices and predicted poor renal outcomes (HR=1.745).

Conclusions:

  • Alternative pathway activation is significant in lupus nephritis pathogenesis.
  • Factor Bb shows potential as a biomarker for assessing renal disease activity and prognosis in LN.