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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
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The Need for Faster Insulin.

Douglas B Muchmore1

  • 11 Kinexum Services, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|March 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New ultra-fast inhaled insulin, Afrezza, offers improved convenience and glycemic control for diabetes management. While faster than most mealtime insulins, its unique profile presents both benefits and limitations for patients.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Insulin therapy has advanced significantly over the past century, improving diabetes management.
  • Despite progress, a need persists for mealtime insulin mimicking healthy physiological responses to food.
  • Current insulin formulations aim to enhance convenience, glycemic control (A1C), and reduce hypoglycemia risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of Afrezza (inhaled insulin human).
  • To evaluate Afrezza as a novel ultra-fast acting mealtime insulin.
  • To discuss the benefits and limitations of Afrezza in comparison to existing insulin therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for Afrezza.
Keywords:
Afrezzainsulin pharmacokineticspulmonary insulinultrafast insulin

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  • Comparison of Afrezza's absorption and action profile with other rapid-acting and ultra-rapid acting insulins.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data regarding efficacy and safety.

    • Main Results:

    • Afrezza demonstrates ultra-rapid absorption, making it one of the fastest insulins available, second only to intravenous insulin.
    • Its unique profile may offer advantages in post-meal glucose management.
    • The analysis highlights specific benefits and limitations associated with its use.

    Conclusions:

    • Afrezza represents a significant advancement in mealtime insulin therapy, offering rapid action.
    • Understanding its distinct profile is crucial for optimizing its use in diabetes treatment.
    • Further research may elucidate its long-term impact on glycemic control and patient outcomes.