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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

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Locomotion Enhances Neural Encoding of Visual Stimuli in Mouse V1.

Maria C Dadarlat1,2, Michael P Stryker3,2

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, and.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|March 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Locomotion enhances visual processing in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) by improving neural encoding. This speeds up stimulus discrimination by reducing the time needed to process visual information.

Keywords:
cortical statedecorrelationgainlocomotionvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) exhibit selectivity for visual stimulus properties.
  • Locomotion induces a cortical state change, strengthening neuronal responses without altering selectivity.
  • Mesencephalic locomotor region projections are implicated in initiating locomotion and cortical state changes via V1 disinhibitory circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between locomotion and information encoded by neural populations in mouse V1.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which locomotion impacts visual stimulus encoding.
  • To determine how these mechanisms vary across different cortical layers.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous recording of numerous single neurons in alert mice.
  • Presentation of moving gratings as visual stimuli.
  • Analysis of neural population activity during locomotion and rest.

Main Results:

  • Locomotion improves visual stimulus encoding in V1 through increased firing rates and decreased noise correlations.
  • Locomotion-induced firing rate increases enhance mutual information between stimuli and single neuron responses.
  • Reduced noise correlations improve stimulus discriminability, even with fixed firing rates, with layer-specific contributions (firing rates in upper layers, noise correlations in layer V).

Conclusions:

  • Locomotion significantly enhances visual information processing in V1, reducing encoding time by threefold to fivefold.
  • Cortical state shifts during locomotion optimize the visual system for processing during movement.
  • Mechanisms of information enhancement differ across cortical layers, suggesting layer-specific adaptations to locomotion.