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Bilinguals' twisted tongues: Frequency lag or interference?

Chuchu Li1, Matthew Goldrick2, Tamar H Gollan3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0948, USA. chl441@ucsd.edu.

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Summary

Bilinguals struggle with tongue twisters using sounds unique to one language, not those shared across languages. This suggests bilingual processing disadvantages stem from less frequent use of language-specific sound patterns.

Keywords:
BilingualismPhonological processingSpeech errorTongue twister

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Bilinguals possess larger vocabularies than monolinguals.
  • Bilinguals may experience processing disadvantages within a single language, affecting sublexical sound structure.
  • Previous research suggests potential competition or frequency-related factors contribute to these disadvantages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the source of processing disadvantages observed in bilinguals during speech production.
  • To differentiate between a phonetic competition account and a frequency-lag account for bilingual disadvantages.
  • To examine how sound sequence overlap between languages influences tongue twister performance.

Main Methods:

  • Participants included Spanish-English bilinguals, Mandarin-English bilinguals, and English monolinguals.
  • Participants repeated tongue twisters constructed from English nonwords.
  • Tongue twisters featured sound sequences unique to English (nonoverlapping) or those with high phonetic similarity across languages (overlapping).

Main Results:

  • Bilinguals showed disadvantages in tongue twister production specifically with nonoverlapping sound sequences.
  • No significant disadvantage was observed for bilinguals when producing twisters with overlapping sound sequences.
  • Results align with the frequency-lag hypothesis, not the phonetic competition hypothesis.

Conclusions:

  • The bilingual disadvantage in tongue twister production is likely attributable to the reduced frequency of use of language-specific sound sequences.
  • Phonetic competition between languages does not appear to be the primary driver of this observed disadvantage.
  • Findings highlight the role of usage frequency in shaping bilingual speech processing.