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Updated: Mar 6, 2026
Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: August 5, 2014
Compound elevated skull fractures: Review of literature
1a Department of Neurosurgery , Kasturba Medical College , Manipal , India.
Introduction:
Compound elevated skull fractures (CESF) are rare traumatic injuries. To date, only 27 cases have been reported.
Methods:
The authors report three cases of CESF managed at their institute. All were middle-aged males. The mechanism was assault by sharp-edged objects in two and road traffic accident (RTA) in one case. One underwent simple suturing; debridement and decompressive craniectomy was done in the remaining two cases. Good and poor outcomes were noted in one case each, while one died. A literature review was performed to analyse all cases of CESF reported in English literature.
Results:
Including this one, a total of 30 cases were analysed. Mean age was 25.2 years, of which seven were aged < 18 years. There were 12 mild, five moderate, 11 severe HI cases and two cases were not detailed. Underlying injuries were seen in ~ 2/3 of cases. All, except two cases, underwent definitive surgery in the form of debridement with/without haematoma removal. Good-to-excellent outcomes were noted in 2/3 cases. There were 6/30 (20%) deaths noted. CNS infections and poor admission GCS were associated with increased mortality rates.
Conclusions:
CESF are rare injuries. Early surgery in the form of debridement with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage is recommended to prevent infectious complications and improve outcome. Outcome is dependent on three main factors-admission GCS score, intactness of duramater and post-operative CNS infections.
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