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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.5K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
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A self-aligning knee joint for walking assistance devices.

Byungjune Choi, Younbaek Lee, Jeonghun Kim

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |March 9, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel self-aligning knee mechanism for walking assistance devices. This innovative design enhances gait assistance for the elderly by improving knee joint motion and stability.

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    Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis
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    Area of Science:

    • Robotics
    • Biomechanics
    • Mechanical Engineering

    Background:

    • Elderly individuals often require assistance with walking due to age-related mobility decline.
    • Existing walking assistance devices may not fully replicate natural knee joint movement.
    • Compensating for the moving center of rotation in the human knee is crucial for effective gait support.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel self-aligning knee mechanism for walking assistance devices.
    • To improve physical gait assistance for the elderly by addressing knee joint dynamics.
    • To decouple joint rotations and translations in lower-extremity wearable robots.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of a novel self-aligning knee mechanism with redundant degrees of freedom (2-DoF).
    • Integration of the mechanism into a wearable robot for lower-extremity assistance.
    • Verification of the mechanism's performance through simulations and preliminary experiments.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed self-aligning knee mechanism effectively assists in knee flexion/extension.
    • The mechanism successfully compensates for the moving center of rotation of the human knee joint.
    • Simulations and experiments validated the functionality and performance of the novel mechanism.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed self-aligning knee mechanism offers a promising solution for advanced walking assistance devices.
    • This innovation can enhance the mobility and quality of life for the elderly.
    • The design's ability to decouple joint rotations and translations is key for effective lower-extremity wearable robots.