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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Mutations

Mutations

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Reporter Genes

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.

In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness

Published on: May 7, 2018

UV radiation induces a gene's dual functionality.

Alexandra A Mushegian¹

¹Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling

|March 9, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A protein and noncoding RNA from the same gene have opposite effects on UV damage repair. This discovery offers new insights into cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation.

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Area of Science:

Molecular biology
Genetics
Cellular biology

Background:

The cellular response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA repair pathways is essential for preventing diseases like cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the distinct roles of a protein and its associated noncoding RNA, both derived from the same gene, in response to UV radiation-induced DNA damage.
To elucidate the opposing functions of these two molecules in cellular repair processes.

Main Methods:

Gene expression analysis
UV irradiation assays
RNA interference (RNAi) techniques
Protein activity assays
Cell viability studies

Main Results:

The protein promotes DNA repair following UV exposure.
The noncoding RNA inhibits DNA repair, potentially sensitizing cells to UV damage.
Both molecules, originating from the same genetic locus, exhibit antagonistic functions in the UV damage response pathway.

Conclusions:

A single gene can produce functionally opposing molecules that regulate DNA repair.
The interplay between protein and noncoding RNA from the same gene provides a novel regulatory mechanism for UV damage response.
Targeting these molecules could offer new therapeutic strategies for managing UV-induced cellular damage.