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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

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Non-invasive Neuromodulation in Primary Headaches.

Sarah Miller1, Manjit Matharu2

  • 1Headache Group, Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK. sarah.miller.12@ucl.ac.uk.

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|March 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Non-invasive neuromodulation shows promise for headache treatment, but high-quality evidence is lacking. While some studies suggest benefits for vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS) and supraorbital nerve stimulation (nSONS), more randomized controlled trials are needed.

Keywords:
MigraineNeurostimulationSupraorbital nerve stimulationTranscranial magnetic stimulationTrigeminal autonomic cephalalgiaVagal nerve stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Neuromodulation is gaining traction for primary headache disorders.
  • Invasive neuromodulation is reserved for severe cases, while non-invasive options are emerging.
  • Non-invasive techniques include vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS), supraorbital nerve stimulation (nSONS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for non-invasive neuromodulation in trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and migraine.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of nVNS, nSONS, and TMS for headache treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on non-invasive neuromodulation for headache conditions.
  • Analysis of open-label and controlled studies evaluating nVNS, nSONS, and TMS.
  • Focus on evidence for trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and migraine.

Main Results:

  • Limited controlled evidence exists for non-invasive neuromodulation in headache treatment.
  • nVNS shows potential for cluster headache prophylaxis and acute treatment, and possibly migraine.
  • nSONS has limited evidence for episodic migraine prophylaxis; TMS may help acute episodic migraine.
  • All techniques have favorable safety profiles but lack high-quality randomized controlled trials.

Conclusions:

  • Non-invasive neuromodulation is a safe and attractive option for headache management.
  • Current evidence is largely based on open-label studies, with a need for robust randomized controlled trials.
  • Further research is required to establish the efficacy of these treatments for various headache disorders.