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Related Concept Videos

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A slider-crank mechanism converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider. The movement of the slider-crank is an example of general plane motion as the fluctuating angle between the crank and the connecting rod. Consider a segment AB where point A is at the end of the slider and point B is on the diametrically opposite end to point A, on a crack. The variance in...
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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
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Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

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Moving or being moved: that makes a difference.

Hans Straka1, Boris P Chagnaud2

  • 1Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany. straka@lmu.de.

Journal of Neurology
|March 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During active locomotion, the brain uses motor efference copies, not just vestibular signals, to stabilize gaze. This spino-extraocular motor coupling ensures clear vision during self-induced movements like swimming.

Keywords:
Efference copyExtraocular motoneuronsLocomotionVestibular systemXenopus laevis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Gaze stability is crucial for vision during movement.
  • The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes gaze during passive motion.
  • Active locomotion presents unique challenges for gaze stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of motor efference copies in gaze stabilization during active locomotion in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
  • To determine the contribution of spino-extraocular motor coupling versus VOR during swimming.
  • To explore the potential evolutionary conservation of this mechanism in vertebrates.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings in Xenopus laevis tadpoles during swimming.
  • Analysis of eye movements in response to efference copy signals.
  • Suppression of vestibular signals to isolate the role of efference copies.

Main Results:

  • Spinal central pattern generators generate efference copies that drive specific eye movements during swimming.
  • These eye movements are spatio-temporally appropriate to counteract retinal image displacement caused by swimming.
  • Passive horizontal semicircular canal signals are suppressed during locomotion.
  • Spino-extraocular motor coupling dominates gaze stabilization during active swimming.

Conclusions:

  • Motor efference copies play a dominant role in gaze stabilization during active locomotion in Xenopus laevis.
  • This mechanism, independent of VOR, ensures visual stability during self-induced movements.
  • The findings suggest a conserved role for efference copy-driven gaze stabilization in rhythmic locomotion across vertebrates.