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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

7.1K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
7.1K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

51.0K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

14.8K
Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
14.8K
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

26.8K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
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Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

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Elemental vs. phase composition of breast calcifications.

Robert Scott1,2, Catherine Kendall3, Nicholas Stone4

  • 1Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK. robert.scott@cranfield.ac.uk.

Scientific Reports
|March 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Breast calcifications

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Materials Science
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Breast calcifications are crucial for early breast cancer detection.
  • Their chemical composition and pathological relevance are not well understood.
  • Calcifications may influence breast cancer cell behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the elemental composition of breast calcifications.
  • To correlate composition with crystallographic parameters and histopathology.
  • To investigate the diagnostic potential of calcification chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Elemental analysis of calcifications within breast tissue biopsy sections.
  • Measurement of calcium (Ca):phosphorus (P) ratio.
  • Measurement of magnesium (Mg):Ca ratio.
  • Measurement of sodium (Na):Ca ratio.

Main Results:

  • Ca:P ratio in calcifications is similar to bone, with no significant difference between benign and malignant tissues.
  • An inverse correlation between whitlockite fraction and magnesium concentration was observed.
  • A significant difference in the Na:Ca ratio within the apatite phase was found between benign and malignant specimens.

Conclusions:

  • The Ca:P ratio may not be a reliable non-invasive diagnostic aid for malignancy.
  • Magnesium's location in calcified tissue explains observed correlations.
  • The Na:Ca ratio in the apatite phase shows potential for identifying malignant changes near core needle biopsies.