The Concentration of Vanadium in Pathologically Altered Human Kidneys

Vanadium has a unique and beneficial effect on both humans and animal organisms; however, excessive amount of the above-mentioned metal can cause many alterations in tissues and organs, including the kidneys. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of vanadium (V) in the kidneys removed from patients due to lesions of various etiologies, including the rejection of the transplanted kidneys. Additionally, we determined the influence of selected biological and environmental factors on the V concentration. The study material consisted of the kidneys with tumor lesions (n = 27) and extracted kidney grafts (n = 10) obtained from patients from the north-western Poland. The V concentrations were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry emission in inductively coupled argon plasma and expressed in concentrations in dry weight (dw). Statistically significant differences were observed for V concentrations in the renal medulla between the kidneys with tumors and renal grafts, where the lowest concentration of V was observed. The kidneys in more advanced stages of the tumor (T3 + T4) contained more vanadium than the kidneys of T1 + T2 stages and medians were 2.07 and 1.51, respectively. We also compared the V concentration in the kidneys between the renal grafts (K2) and the kidneys with tumor (K1) in two stages of advancement: T1 with T2 (K1_1 + 2) and T3 with T4 (K1_3 + 4). Statistically significant differences were noted between the renal medullae of the above-mentioned groups of kidneys.According to the previous studies on the concentrations of other heavy metals, renal grafts accumulate less vanadium than cancerous kidneys, what can be associated with the immunosuppressive drugs taken by patients after the transplantation.