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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
1.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.4K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Anesthesia and concussion.

Robert C Tasker1

  • 1aDepartment of Neurology bDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|March 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores concussion in patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. It questions anesthesia's impact on concussion recovery and highlights the need for further research into autonomic and cerebrovascular responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • General anesthesia, surgery, and pain impact autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses.
  • Anesthetic agents can affect cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Recent literature indicates specific alterations in ANS function and CVR following concussion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the implications of pre-existing concussion in patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia.
  • To investigate whether anesthetic exposure may impede concussion recovery.
  • To explore clinical considerations and research needs regarding anesthesia and concussion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent studies.
  • Analysis of physiological alterations post-concussion.
  • Examination of autonomic nervous system function and cerebrovascular reactivity.

Main Results:

  • Concussion affects autonomic nervous system function.
  • Concussion alters cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2.
  • Anesthesia and surgery influence ANS responses and CVR.

Conclusions:

  • Concussion impacts autonomic function and cerebrovascular responses.
  • Clinical management of surgical patients with concussion requires further investigation.
  • More research is needed on the interplay between concussion, anesthesia, and physiological recovery.