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Area of Science:

  • Psychological Science
  • Statistics
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Statistical practices in psychological science are evolving.
  • There is a growing emphasis on reporting and interpreting effect sizes and their confidence intervals.
  • Misconceptions regarding standardized effect sizes are common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide principles and recommendations for reporting effect sizes in psychological research.
  • To highlight the importance and variety of ways effect sizes can be reported.
  • To clarify the interpretation of unstandardized effect sizes and address misconceptions about standardized ones.

Main Methods:

  • The study presents principles and recommendations for research reporting.
  • It emphasizes the interpretation of effect sizes.
  • Empirical examples from One-way ANOVA, categorical variable analysis, linear regression, and mediation models are used for illustration.

Main Results:

  • Effect sizes should directly answer research questions.
  • Effect sizes must be comprehensible to the average reader.
  • Effect sizes should be based on meaningful metrics of constituent variables.

Conclusions:

  • Clear and accurate reporting of effect sizes is crucial for psychological science reform.
  • Unstandardized effect sizes offer advantages in interpretability.
  • Proper interpretation of effect sizes enhances research transparency and understanding.