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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.7K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues
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Antibodies specific for nucleic acid modifications.

Regina Feederle1, Aloys Schepers1

  • 1a Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility and Research Group, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH , München , Germany.

RNA Biology
|March 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Detecting nucleotide modifications in RNA and DNA is crucial for understanding gene regulation. This review covers challenges and advancements in generating specific antibodies for accurate detection using techniques like RIP- and DIP-seq.

Keywords:
Antibodyepigenomicsepitranscriptomicsmodified nucleotidenucleic acid modification

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Nucleotide modifications are vital epigenetic marks regulating gene expression and cellular processes.
  • Understanding their roles is challenging due to the diversity of modifications and complex structure-function relationships.
  • Existing detection methods lack the specificity and sensitivity required for comprehensive analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and recent developments in generating antibodies for modified nucleotides.
  • To discuss antibody-antigen interactions and antigen generation strategies.
  • To compare different antibody formats for high-resolution mapping and imaging technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on antibody generation and validation for modified nucleotides.
  • Discussion of RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP-seq) and DNA immunoprecipitation (DIP-seq) techniques.
  • Comparative analysis of antibody binder formats for epigenomic studies.

Main Results:

  • Antibodies are essential for specific enrichment of modified nucleotides in RIP- and DIP-seq.
  • Generating highly specific and sensitive antibodies remains a significant challenge.
  • Advancements in antigen design and antibody formats are improving detection capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Development of robust antibody generation and validation protocols is critical for advancing epigenomic research.
  • Improved antibodies will enable more accurate transcriptome- and genome-wide studies of nucleotide modifications.
  • Future research should focus on novel antibody formats for enhanced sensitivity and specificity.