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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization
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A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization

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Concepts and tools for gene editing.

Santiago Josa1, Davide Seruggia1, Almudena Fernández1

  • 1Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

Reproduction, Fertility, and Development
|March 11, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene editing in animals has advanced significantly, moving from older methods to powerful CRISPR-Cas technologies. This evolution enables precise genetic modifications in virtually any animal species.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Animal Science

Background:

  • Traditional animal genetic modification relied on established but limited techniques.
  • Methods included direct DNA delivery and embryonic stem cells, with limited species applicability.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer offered alternatives for livestock but was technically demanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of gene editing technologies in animals.
  • To highlight the impact of new genome editing tools on animal genetic modification.
  • To emphasize the capabilities of current gene editing methods.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of historical genetic modification techniques.
  • Introduction of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).
  • Focus on the development and application of CRISPR-Cas systems.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems represent a major advancement in genome editing.
  • These technologies have overcome many limitations of previous methods.
  • The capacity to generate genetically altered animals has been greatly enhanced.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas technology has revolutionized animal genetic engineering.
  • Current gene editing methods allow for unprecedented precision and versatility.
  • The potential for creating diverse genetically modified animals is now vast.