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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

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Published on: May 20, 2011

Sequential effects in Olympic synchronized diving scores.

Robin S S Kramer¹

¹Department of Psychology , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK.

Royal Society Open Science

|March 11, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In sequential judging, synchronized diving scores showed contrast effects, not assimilation. A poor preceding dive improved the current score, while a good preceding dive lowered it.

Keywords:

assimilation contrast diving judgements in sports sequential effects

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Psychology of Judgment
Perceptual Biases

Background:

Sequential effects in performance evaluation are common.
Assimilation effects, where current judgments shift towards previous ones, are often observed.
However, contrast effects, where current judgments shift away from previous ones, can also occur.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sequential judgment effects in synchronized diving.
To determine if assimilation or contrast effects influence diving scores based on preceding performances.
To explore the role of inter-athlete comparison in sequential scoring.

Main Methods:

Analysis of synchronized diving scores from the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games.
Statistical examination of score sequences to identify judgmental biases.
Comparison of observed effects with previous findings in gymnastics.

Main Results:

Synchronized diving scores exhibited contrast effects, contrary to assimilation found in gymnastics.
Scores were positively influenced by preceding poor performances.
Scores were negatively influenced by preceding high-scoring performances.

Conclusions:

Judging synchronized pairs may involve a focus on inter-athlete differences, leading to contrast effects.
Sequential biases in sports judging are context-dependent and sport-specific.
Understanding these biases is crucial for fair judging and addressing potential score inflation or deflation.