Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Bone in Adults
Jennifer S Walsh1, Tatiane Vilaca2
1Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. j.walsh@sheffield.ac.uk.
Calcified Tissue International
|March 11, 2017
Summary
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increase fracture risk despite higher bone density. Osteoporosis treatments effectively reduce fractures in these patients, highlighting the need for better risk assessment.
Area of Science:
- Bone metabolism and fracture risk
- Endocrinology and public health
Background:
- Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are growing public health issues linked to fracture risk.
- Understanding their impact on bone is crucial for managing osteoporosis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore how obesity and T2DM influence fracture risk and bone health.
- To identify mechanisms linking these conditions to bone fragility.
- To assess the effectiveness of osteoporosis treatments in these populations.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing evidence on obesity, T2DM, bone mineral density (BMD), and fracture risk.
- Analysis of factors influencing bone health, including BMI, adipokines, and visceral fat.
- Examination of T2DM-specific effects like collagen glycation.
- Evaluation of fracture prediction challenges and treatment efficacy.
Main Results:
- Obesity is associated with lower risk of some fractures but higher risk of others, with complex effects on BMD.
- T2DM is linked to higher BMD but increased overall and hip fracture risk, with potential harmful effects from collagen glycation.
- Standard fracture risk prediction methods may underestimate risk in these populations.
Conclusions:
- Obesity and T2DM present unique challenges for fracture risk assessment due to conflicting BMD and fracture data.
- Despite challenges, osteoporosis treatments appear effective in reducing fracture risk for individuals with obesity and T2DM.
- Further research is needed to refine risk prediction and management strategies.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Bone Disorders
5.8K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
5.8K
01:15Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
2.6K
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
2.6K
01:24Obesity
1.5K
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
1.5K
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
5.3K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
5.3K
01:36Carbohydrate Metabolism
14.7K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
14.7K
01:40Bone Remodeling
40.8K
Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
40.8K